The species is found in asia throughout the indian subcontinent, much of southeast asia, southern china and taiwan. Russells viper venom viper venom time rvvt definition. Russells viper venom the venom of vipera russelli russell s viper, which acts in vitro as an intrinsic thromboplastin and is useful in defining deficiencies of coagulation. Russell s viper daboia russelii is a species of venomous snake in the family viperidae, the family which includes the venomous old world vipers. The current molecular and morphological evidences concluded that the russell s viper consists of two distinct species which are geographically divided thorpe et al.
Russells viper inhabits plains, forests, scrublands, grasslands and agricultural fields. The russell s viper rv daboia russelii, a category i medically important snake, is responsible for a significant level of morbidity and mortality in the indian subcontinent. Identification, scalation and color of daboia siamensis. A source of coagulation factors, particularly thrombin and fibrinogen. Studies on biological and biochemical properties of the venom were also carried out. Proteomic analysis and immunoprofiling of eastern india. Russells viper venom levels in serum of snake bite victims in burma. The activated factor x then activates prothrombin factor ii in the presence of factor v and phospholipid. Rvvv is an fvactivating svsp isolated from russell s viper venom russell s viper venom serine proteinase, rvvv in complex with the fragment residues 15331546 of human factor v, ncbi, 2011. Charles lucien bonaparte, the son of lucien bonaparte, younger brother of napoleon bonaparte, was the first to establish the proteinaceous nature of snake venom in 1843. There are two subspecies of russells viper that can be found in india, southeast asia, china and taiwan. Full recovery from bites from a russels viper is rare, as the kidneys are severely damaged by the snakes venom. The russell s viper daboia russelii is responsible for 3040% of all snakebites and the most number of lifethreatening bites of any snake in sri lanka. The clinical profile of russell s viper bite includes local swelling, coagulopathy, renal dysfunction and neuromuscular paralysis, based on which the syndromic diagnostic tools have been developed.
Firstline assays are dilute russell s viper venom time drvvt and laresponsive aptt, a pairing that will detect most clinically significant antibodies. Russell s viper venom rvv is indisputably a potent mixture of various toxic and nontoxic components that have evolved to interfere with vital physiological processes like coagulation and fibrinolysis. It is called the dilute russell viper venom time test because the phospholipid reagent is diluted such that its concentration becomes rate limiting. Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities living in the tropics. There can also be differences in venom composition between snakes belonging to populations in different geographical locations, between individuals within those populations, and between males and females. Russells viper daboia russelli siamensis venoms of four different lengths 2125 cm, 4060 cm, 8190 cm and 101110 cm were studied by sdspage electrophoresis and immunoblotting. How the snakes venom affects humans for most poisonous snakes the percentage of drybites is relatively high but the russell viper always goes for the maximum venom dose. It is a major cause of snakebite deaths within its range because it often exists in farmlands where human contact and rodent prey are abundant. The use of the dilute russell viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants.
Proteomic analysis reveals geographic variation in venom composition of russell s viper in the indian subcontinent. Free worldwide 3 days delivery express shipping with tracking number and. The use of the dilute russell viper venom time for the. Capillary leak and abnormal clotting can lead to tachycardia, hypotension, or even hemorrhagic shock. Taiwanese russell s viper venom proteome comprised 25 distinct gene products, with the. Revisiting russells viper daboia russelii bite in sri. Daboia siamensis, the deadly eastern russells viper. Snake venoms are cocktails, which exhibit enzymatic activities. The effect of concentration of eristocophis macmahoni snake venom on the growth of hep2 human epidenmoid larynx carcinoma cells. Russell viper venom definition of russell viper venom by. West to the bay of bengal, the western form known as daboia russelii. Thus, the receptor sites that were previously blocked by venom are now free to interact with the acetylcholine molecule, and normal respiration resumes. Rvvv, which consists of 236 amino acids, cleaves only the arg1545ser1546 bond of fv and does not cleave the other two thrombinsusceptible bonds.
The venom proteome of siamese russell s viper from taiwan, alongside complementary in vivo lethality neutralization assay and in vitro thirdgeneration antivenomics assessment of the preclinical efficacy of the homologous antivenom manufactured in taiwan cdcs vaccine center, are here reported. Understanding the variations in snake venom composition is important and. In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of a hemotoxic venom for. Neutralization of biological activities of russell s viper daboia russelii siamensis venom by antivenoms. Geographical variation of biological properties of russell s viper daboia russelii siamensis venom tunpe, ayeayemyint, kyimayhtwe, khinaungcho and theingi 65 14. The following four species are recognized as being valid daboia mauritanica gray, 1849 moorish viper. In burma it has been the 5th most important cause of death. Russell s or chain viper daboia russelii description and biology.
Toxins free fulltext snake venoms in drug discovery. Toxins free fulltext pharmacokinetics of snake venom html. The species is named after patrick russell 17261805, a scottish herpetologist who first described many of indias snakes, and the. Antivenom acts to neutralize the poisonous venom of the cobra and causes the venom to be released from the receptor site. The venom composition within an individual snake is even subject to change based on its age, diet, environment including captivity, and season. Russells viper, also known as daboia or chain viper, is venomous snake that belongs to the viper family. Russells viper venom rvv was known to clot blood many years ago. The russell s viper is one of the major causes of snakebite mortality and morbidity throughout its distribution in asia world health organization, 2016. Russells viper venom the venom of vipera russelli russell s viper, which acts in vitro as an intrinsic thromboplastin and is useful in defining deficiencies of coagulation factor x. This type of venom destroys red blood cells, making the cells unable to clot, and after a while it will cause organ degeneration. Animal venoms contain enzymes and other proteins that are hemotoxic or neurotoxic or occasionally both as in the mojave rattlesnake, the japanese mamushi, and similar species. Russells viper venom factor x activator rvvx has been identified as a main procoagulant enzyme involving coagulopathy, which might be responsible for changes in renal hemodynamics and renal functions. This article is based on the 19 book the snakes of europe, by g.
Russell s viper initiates plasma clotting activating factor x in the presence of calcium. The spent antivenom and the neutralized venom are then excreted from the body. The eastern russell s viper daboia siamensis causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. The principle of the assay is that russell s venom directly activates factor x, which then activates prothrombin factor ii in the presence of factor v and. Venom proteomics and antivenom neutralization for the. Also discussed are the effects of snake venom on cellular receptors, ion channels. Applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled the protein complexity and geographical. Pdf dilute russells viper venom time reagents in lupus. In 326 bc, for example, alexander the great encountered lethal arrows in indiathe symptoms of his dying soldiers identify the poison as russell s viper venom. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction. The head is rather long, triangular, slightly distinct from neck, with large, conspicuous nostrils on side of snout. It is found from india to taiwan and java, most often in open country. Snake venom arrows were reported in many historical battles in antiquity. This page includes the following topics and synonyms.
Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known. South asia is the worlds most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite. Russell s viper, vipera russelli shaw, is distributed erratically in 10 south asian countries and is a leading cause of fatal snake bite in pakistan, india, bangladesh, sri lanka, burma and thailand. The scope of this book provides the readers an updated and comprehensive. Major threats for the survival of russell s vipers are traffic accidents and organized killing. Identification of enzymes and toxins in venoms of indian. Russell s viper venoms in distilled water was used for electro phoresis. One of the drawbacks of its bites is that it potentially causes acute renal failure. The thai subspecies of the russell s viper is a rather stout, roundbodied snake which may reach a length of 160 cm, making it the largest of all viperidae vipers and pitvipers in thailand. Typically this is diluted to give a clotting time in normal plasma of between 3035s as this optimises sensitivity to antiphospholipid antibodies.
Consequently, variation in venom composition is observed across all taxonomic levels of snakes, between families, genera, species and even. Bush, in pediatric critical care fourth edition, 2011. Since different molecular weight proteins in snake venom can cause different biological effects 18, an understanding of their pk characteristics may provide an. The venom of young snakes 2160 cm had a high lethal potency and possessed powerful coagulant and defibrinogenating. Some of the proteins in snake venom have very specific effects on various biological functions including blood. Russells viper snake antivenom 2019 red cross antivenin online shop snake antivenom for russell s viper, red cross antivenin treatment for daboia russelli siamensis snake the manufacturing plant of qsmi has developed to meet the gmp requirement and get the gmp certificated from fda since 2003. Snake venom is a highly modified saliva containing zootoxins that facilitate the immobilization. Russells viper, daboia russelii, also called daboia, ortic polonga, abundant, highly venomous terrestrial snake of the family viperidae. Acute renal failure arf is the most frequent and a serious complication in victims of russell s viper snakebites. The venom sample was put on the starch gel by first placing approximately 0.
Proteomic analysis reveals geographic variation in venom. Russell s viper daboia russelii is an important member of the viperidae family which is widely distributed across southern asia including india. We describe here a test for lupus anticoagulants based on a modified russell viper venom time rvvt, using limiting amounts of phospholipid and venom. Biochemical and biological properties of the venom from.
We have studied 29 patients with a prolonged dilute rvvt. Among hundreds, even thousands of proteins found in venom, there are toxins. It was widely used as a styptic to clot minor wounds when razor blades were more commonly used for shaving eg. Specifically activates several components of the blood clotting system, including. Although viper and pit viper venom composition varies from snake to snake, components can lead to capillary leak, abnormal clotting, inefficient muscle movement, or neurotoxicity.
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